Mordecai Maisel built this synagogue as a private place of worship. Maisel was the leader of the Jewish community at the time, and the emperor gave him special permission to construct the synagogue because he was one of the wealthiest men in town, having paved the Jewish town's streets and built the hospital. It was Prague's largest synagogue, and it assumed its current form after the twentieth century. During the Nazi occupation of the region, the synagogue stored stolen Jewish items. The synagogue now contains various items from the Jewish Museum.

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