The Baltic Sea began to form as the former ice sheet melted and retreated. During its formation, the Baltic Sea's water properties such as temperature and salinity had been constantly changing. Four stages of Baltic development are identified. Presently, the Baltic Sea is one of the most polluted seas in the world. The Baltic is currently bordered by the coasts of nine countries and is therefore the subject of research by many scientific institutions. As a result, the Baltic is probably the best explored sea, with a wide range of programmes to safeguard it.
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